Functionalism Sociology and Social Order - 1124 Words

The functionalist model of how society works has many limitations and few strengths.’’ Explain and also asses this view. By Sadhana sanba In the study of sociology, functionalist perspective is a view of society that focuses on the way various parts of society have functions and live in a ‘consensus’ that maintain the stability and social order of the whole. Functionalist model of how society works tends to focus to be an organized, stable, well integrated system , in which most members agree on basic values which is as called’ ‘value consensus’. However, functionalist theory alongside the other school of theories such as marrxism (conflict theory) and interactionism is criticized for having many limitsaitons of explaining thew social†¦show more content†¦Functional view of creating social order an important model of society ,has been criticized for its limitation on the fact that it serves only the selfish ambitions of the rich and powerful. As Durkhein believes t hat society is in its essence its moral codes . The rules and order, the degree competitiveness between people and governmental conducts help to cement and build social order he called them the mechanical and organic principles of solidarity .The description of ‘mechanical solidarity and ‘organic solidarity’ provides insides about the basic way of forming social order in society which in face Max Weber argues is more applicable and impliable only in the industrial complex societies and is criticized by Marx for disregarding the poor , economically weak and ‘proletariat’ as in his words, society. Hence, the phenomenon of ‘collective conscience’ and ‘value consensus’ the functionalist theory implies in one way or other inherently conservative that is focused only on a particular social theme. It does not consider that order and conflict exist side by side and as Marx says is achieved through the domination by the few over the many, and that domination is possible because it reflects the economic circumstances of the groups which is constantly unstable as it is based on equality and continuing conflict of interest between those who own the means of production and who don’t. In the same way interactionist view of howShow MoreRelatedCritical Theory, Functionalism And Symbolic Interactionism Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn sociology, there are three major theories; critical theory, functionalism and symbolic interactionism. These theories express the structure of society in which each theory looks at a different aspects of sociology. Sociologist s apply these theories in the study of society, but it becomes difficult if only one theory is applied. For that one applied theory, would only look at the aspect to which it is confined to. To successfully study sociology all three theories must be applied together. CriticalRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of An Individual And Their Own Behaviour And The Society1126 Words   |  5 PagesIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES   Sociology studies the lives of an individual and their own behaviour and the society they live in (A. Giddens 2006). There are theoretical perspectives used so that one understands an individual behaviour and the society they live in. The sociological perspectives study each behaviour and how it is linked to the whole society or how the society influence the individual rather. The society is a diverse body and different perspectives is used to understand how they are linkedRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective896 Words   |  4 Pages According to the University of North Carolina, â€Å"Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions† (http://sociology.unc.edu/undergraduate-program/sociology-major/what-is-sociology/). Sociology is science practiced by everyone in the world, whether they realize it or not. It is not only an incredibly important social science but also a beautiful art to study how society works. Now, an educated sociologist will realize that there are different perspective to view the world throughRead MoreA Sociological Theory Of Health And Illness1668 Words   |  7 Pagesideas that provide explanations about society and its structures. Functionalism and weberianism are most influential sociological theories about health and illness. With some similarities these theories have different ways to explain health and wellness. The essay will compare and contrast the two theories in terms of health and illness and shed light on the way these theories enhance the knowledge of health professionals. Functionalism is a macro theory that focuses upon different aspect of the sociologicalRead MoreExample Of The Three Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1044 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Nanesha Greathouse HCC Abstract This paper describes the three major theoretical perspectives in Sociology: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Sociologists developed these theoretical perspectives to help explain the way individuals conduct themselves and to help us to gain a better understanding of the world around us. Throughout this paper, the reader will learn about each perspective and its origin as well as additionalRead MoreSociological Theories Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesSociological theory creates ways to understand the social world by having different theories to explain understand social life. It aids to make sense of this social world. It draws together a wide range of perspectives to help provide the fullest picture. (Macionis Plummer p.36) It shows that one theory can explain something that another cannot. My aim is to answer this question with reference to both functionalism and conflict theory. This will be done by comparing and contrasting both theoriesRead MoreS cience Which Deals With The Establishment And Development Of Human Societies Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesentities social such which are. But not as it should be, as well as, the study of societies should be considered analogous to the objects of the animated world. Is it history natural of them corporations human. 3.-the sociology can define is as the study scientific of the life group of them humans, since frequently is gives a use incorrect to them terms sociology and sociologist, would be worth the penalty mention here something of what not is sociology, as field of knowledge, the sociology not isRead MoreFunctionalism and Marxism. A Critical Evaluation Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesFunctionalism and Marxism. A Critical Evaluation During the 18th and 19th centuries, political and industrial revolutions coupled with a philosophical movement which promoted a new scientific way of thinking (`The Enlightenment), heralded the advent of several new scientific disciplines. These social sciences attempted to explain the rapid and fundamental changes which were shattering traditional ways of life in Britain and Europe. Sociology emerged as one of these innovative areas and soughtRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Marxist and Functionalist Interpretations of Education in Society1582 Words   |  7 PagesCarrie-Anne Hall 05007672 Sociology Essay Compare and contrast the Marxist and functionalist interpretations of education in society. The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare them for working life in the economy, also to integrate individuals and teach them the norms, values and roles within society. There are many different sociological theories that differ within the role of education within society that attempt to try and explain how society or aspectsRead MoreSociological Theories And The Structural Functional Theory1356 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as functionalism, it is a framework for building theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. Important concepts in the perspective of functionalism include social structure, social functions, latent functions and manifest functions. A few examples of structural functional theory are in families, communities, religious organizations and certain rituals such as a handshaking give structure to our everyday lives. Functionalism is a

Egyptian Art vs. Sumerian Art Essay - 1165 Words

When comparing two forms of artwork, it may be quite difficult to tell them apart. And when those artworks are thousands upon thousands of years old, it certainly does not help the issue. When looking at both Egyptian and Sumerian art, there is certainly a resemblance to some degree. Both are from before our time, and both express the beliefs and culture of their respective lineage. But if you delve deeper, you can certainly start to see a difference. Egyptian art is known widely for its hieroglyphics, while Sumerian art may be seen as focusing more on the naturalistic views on the human form. Both these cultures deserve the utmost respect, for their artwork to survive through the millenniums as they have, we can only give credit†¦show more content†¦The Judgment of Hu-Nefer, shows Hu-Nefer being taken to get his heart weighed by the Feather of Truth (British Museum). If his heart is lighter than the feather, he is deemed worthy of seeing the God Osiris and thus presented be fore him and his ancestors. This artwork, and Egyptian culture for that matter, is based around the premise of the afterlife. Everything you do within this life will be judged when the time comes. Whether you are judged to move on to the afterlife, or be condemned for all eternity, is completely up to the gods themselves. The pyramids of Giza are perhaps even more well known than the Egyptians hieroglyphics. These wondrous structures are thought to be based around the culture of the dead. A paragraph from Emmet Johns The Pyramid Age describes these structures as such; â€Å".. from the point of view of orthodox chronology, are the mastaba-tombs [pyramids] replaced. Similar to those used in Egypt.. they were a preferred type of funerary structure..† ( Emmet John 45). Mastabas are flat roofed structures with sloping sides and are used as tombs within Ancient Egyptian. They were also the final resting place for most Egyptian people, and pyramids were used mainly for the wealthy or those that had some significance within the Egyptian culture. Pyramids are mastabas stacked onto one another, getting smaller as they reach the top. People have thought that the main reason for pyramids was simplyShow MoreRelatedHumanities Human Figure in Art Work Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesHumanism vs. Realism with Focus of Human Figure Artwork Middle Eastern, Egyptian and Greek Civilizations Throughout history the human figure has been demonstrated in Middle Eastern, Egyptian and Greek sculptures and paintings. Most of these artifacts tend to focus more on humanism than realism due to Rulers and Gods, geographical areas, resources and events thus, giving them the idea for the theme of the art they create. These are the reasons that might explain their commonalities or differencesRead MoreFinal Business Plan1230 Words   |  5 Pages| Art History MidtermStudy online at quizlet.com/_8m0yq | 1. | A Classical colonnade around a building or courtyard is called a | | peristyle | 2. | A half-column attached to a wall is called a/an | | Engaged column | 3. | A plain or decorated slab on a Doric frieze which alternates with the triglyphs is called the | | Metopes | 4. | A series or row of columns usually spanned by lintels is called a/an: | | Colonnade Read MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pagescivilization • Domestic Architecture o Wigwam, Huts, Lean-tos o Native American Indians were considered Neolithic • Refined tools o Spears, Bows and Arrows • Domesticated Animals o Hallmark of luxury, stability, and permanence • Pottery Ââ€" clay art o Bowls and containers o Exquisite decoration • Aesthetics Ââ€" the love of beauty, the need for beauty o Separates man from the animals o Civilization #61607; Around 5,000BC #61607; Literacy • Writing and reading #61607; Urban Life • DivisionRead MoreJob Shadowing a Dentist3438 Words   |  14 Pagesmouth including the teeth, gums, and other tissues. Dentistry is absolutely essential for maintaining overall health and well-being. And, believe me, they can relieve the excruciating pain of a toothache. The art of dentistry has roots that are documented back to the time of the Sumerians around 5000 BC. Around this time, the common thought for most people was that tooth decay was the result of a tooth worm boring into and decimating the teeth (Pictorial Para 4). I suppose that made since backRead MoreEvolution of Accounting Thought6174 Words   |  25 Pagesto ‘counting’ or ‘tallying’, and keeping a record in terms of small physical objects, rather than to ‘accounting’ as the term is understand today. 1 Languages (script writings) started to appear in the 3 Millennium BC (early Bronze Age). Sumerian and Egyptian are among the first to have appeared. Picture writing systems are known to have existed as early as the 7th millennium BC (early Neolithic period). rd The parable of the talents in the bible indicates that people at the time of Christ wereRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pageseffective manner. To make that retrieval and access possible, managers need to employ successful management processes in order to create appropriate work environments. From the agrarian age to the information age, the science—or some would call it an art—of management has changed as dramatically as have libraries and information services. But in all that long history, it has never before been so important for organizations of all types to be responsive to changes in what their customers want and need

Administrative Justice Procedural Fairness

Question: Discuss about theAdministrative Justicefor Procedural Fairness. Answer: Introduction Administrative justice is a relatively new concept as compared to the traditional judicial adjudication of disputes. Administrative justice provided by administrative law institutions based upon the administrative law principles. Administrative law is a combination of fundamental values of justice delivery system such as rule of law, accountability, procedural fairness, better decision making.[1]At its core, administrative justice is a philosophy that in administrative decision making the rights and interests of individuals should be properly safeguarded.[2]James Galligan advised that the main object of administrative justice is to provide fair treatment to all persons in accordance with the procedure prescribed in statutory scheme, along with other sources. The basic notion of administrative justice is to apply authoritative standards accurately and not just in aggregate.[3] Administrative justice can be achieved if it is assessable, affordable and timely. An administrative justice system would fail in case it does not provide for a comprehensive system of judicial review, reasoned decisions, access to government held information, resourced ombudsman and commissioner of complaints, who possess power to review executive action.[4] This paper examines conceptualization of administrative justice to determine whether the procedural requirements of met in just, reasonable and fair manner. Judicial review has facilitated the notion of administrative justice by enabling the courts to access the validity of judicial decisions. How administrative justice should be conceptualized Overview Major components of administrative law in Australia is judicial review of the process of administrative decisions by courts, review of merits by administrative appeals tribunals and investigation of administrative actions by ombudsman or commissioners of complaints. These bodies were mostly established in the 1970s. Towards the end of the century the Australian constitution included Section 75(v), which confers jurisdiction on High Court to restrain commonwealth officers from exceeding their federal powers, by issuing writ of mandamus, prohibition and injunction, the provision guaranteed judicial review. The Kerr committees report in 1971envisaged the importance of external judicial and merits review agencies which safeguard the interests of the people affected by executive decision. The elements of the recommendations proposed by Kerr, Bland and Ellicot committee reports were implemented in three parliament enactments, first the Administrative Appeals tribunal Act, 1975 (Cwlth), second the Ombudsman Act, 1976 (Cwlth) and third the Administrative Decision (Judicial review) Act, 1977 (Cwlth), these legislation also conferred a right on the persons who were aggrieved by the executive decision, upon request,to written statement wherein reason for the decision would be mentioned.[5] Before the parliament enactments most of the administrative law decisions were influenced by the foundation of judicial review laid by common law on the basis of series of English courts decisions. Ridge vs. Baldwin[6] laid the application of the principles of natural justice on administrative decisions.[7] In Padfield vs. Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food[8] it was held that ministerial board discretions should be subject to administrative law review.[9]Enactment of Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act, 1975 led to a reform in administrative law, the decisionsgiven by the executive arm of the government which affected rights and privileges of citizens were reviewed by general tribunals, which was the first of its kind.[10] The judicial arm of the government then in alignment with the legislative reforms lay down by the parliament. The most prominent example of the same can be seen in R vs. Mackellar; Ex parte Ratu[11] where the court held that it is not mandatory to observe principles of doctrine of natural justice in case of deciding deportation of a person from Australia in case that person has exceeded the limit of stay as lay in the visitors visa. The judiciary would not formulate rules so as to ascertain whether a persons entry in Australia should be permitted or rejected.[12]The position changed in 1995 when the courts observed that in case of immigration the ministerial discretion would be restricted by the international treaties adopted by Australia.[13] Courts' development in principles and doctrines for the assessment of the lawfulness of executive decision making The Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act lay that it is the tribunals obligation was to reach at preferable and correct decision. The tribunal has to determine whether the decision rendered by an administrative body is correct and preferable in pursuance of the policy laid by the legislature, the tribunal does no hold authority to adjudicate upon the merits of the case. The function of the tribunal is to determine as to whether the decision rendered by the decision maker is correct or preferable on the basis of the material before it and not to determine whether the decision of the decision maker is one of the correct or preferable decisions on the basis of the materials available before it.[14] Authority of the tribunal is not limited to the review legal errors only; instead the tribunal has to address same questions which were addressed by the original decision maker, wh ere there is no statutory limit in the tribunal doing so. Tribunal has to test the decision against the requirements of good government, as it is acting as a government administration instrument.[15]The tribunal has to review the actual decision made by the decision maker and not the reasons for rendering that decision. The principle of natural justice as enunciated in Section 5(1)(a) of the Administrative Decision (Judicial review) Act is interpreted to include duty to inquire,[16] legitimate expectations of applicant, provided there is no estoppel in public law,[17] rational evidence must be present so as to ascertain proportionality,[18] as it is asserted that principles of natural justice should not only be confined to procedural matters as it would result in illusion of fairness, hence inquiry of, the consideration of material evidence also forms part of natural justice.[19]The doctrine of legitimate expectation is a part of procedural fairness, in modern courts.[20] Modern Approach - Substantive Outcomes and Quality of the Decision and the Facilitation of 'Administrative justice' Overview State theory lays the foundation of administrative theory. Reasoned decision and judicial review is the touchstones of Australian administrative law. Rule of law over administrative actions is enforced by judicial review. Introduction of Section 39B in Judiciary Act, 1903 andthe jurisdiction conferred upon Australian constitution under Section 75(v) and to the Supreme Court under Section 73(ii) ensures judicial review of administrative actions. Section 71 vests the high court with judicial power over the commonwealth. The power of the high court to hear appeals from Supreme Court ensures the position of high court as federal Supreme Court. Judicial review of administrative decisions can be done on the basis of jurisdictional error, non-compliance with the doctrine of procedural fairness or natural justice and in case of delivery of unreasonable decisions by taking into account irrational considerations. The three grounds for judicial review are discussed in detail below: Natural Justice Natural Justice is a common law doctrine, it possess two components, first right to be herd and second rule against bias and provides procedural safeguard against administrative decision making.[21]One aspect of natural justice is procedural fairness. In Kioa vs. West[22] referring to the judgment of Wiseman vs. Borneman[23]it was held that in the context of administrative justice it is duty of the decision makers to act fairly and to abide to the rule of procedural fairness. Procedural fairness requires that the procedure adopted by decision making body should be fair it is immaterial whether the outcome is fair or not.[24] The courts are required to determine whether the procedural fairness requirement has been met or not they do not have jurisdiction to cure administrative injustice.[25] Procedural fairness should be observed in cases where decisions affect the rights, interests and legitimate expectations of people. Failure to take into Account a Relevant Consideration Judicial review of the administrative decisions includes reviewing the decision on the basis of reasonableness. Legislature confers statutory discretionary power on administrative bodies, and this power is to be exercised reasonably. Unreasonable was defined as a decision which is so unreasonable that no reasonable decision maker could have ever arrived at it.[26]Unreasonableness depends upon the potential subjectivity of the merits of a case and the legality of the decision.[27]The decision maker has failed to take into account relevant consideration, may be used in a way to review merits of a case, these grounds can fairly be used where the statute has not prescribed a list of considerations which must be taken into account. This ground can possibly be taken only in circumstances where it can be shown before the court that the decision maker failed to take into account a reasonable consideration which he was obligated to take account of, from the matters placed before him, so as to enable him to exercise his discretionary decision making power in a valid manner.[28] Jurisdictional Error To determine jurisdictional error it is essential to understand the scope of power and authority held by decision making body. Jurisdictional error occurs when the administrative decision making body fails to fulfill its statutory duty, or the decision has been rendered by him without observing procedural fairness.[29]In Craig vs. South Australia[30] it was held that jurisdictional error would occur in case wherein an administrative tribunal falls into error of law which results in identification of a wrong issue, ignorance of relevant material and placing reliance on irrelevant material, or reach at erroneous or mistaken conclusion or exercise of power/authority is thereby affected in a way that it is exceeded. Has Administrative justice been Achieved? In legal parlance administrative justice includes procedural fairness, reasoned decision and judicial review. ADJR Act introduced a rational and simplified regime of judicial review. Federal courts and the state courts entrusted with the power to exercise federal jurisdiction have been into more principled relationship, to the extent of the statutory power and authorities entrusted upon them.[31] Australian exceptionalism is largely influenced by the consideration of separation of powers. The marks of the influence can be seen in the development of the principles of unreasonableness, jurisdictional error and rejection of proportionality as the grounds for judicial review.[32]The administrative councils advise and recommendations have enabled the shaping of administrative justice system as to what it is at present. The success of ombudsman can be endorsed to the individuals who were appointed to the office. Entrusting the jurisdiction of merits review on AAT is milestone in the admini strative adjudication as the part III of the constitution enabled the courts to review executive decision on legal error basis. Hence it can be rightly asserted that the objective of enactment of the parliament legislations governing administrative justice system on the recommendations laid by Kerr committee has been achieved. Conclusion Administrative justice cannot be achieved only by having appropriate rules, institutions and statutory standards. In practice administrative justice depends upon the culture reflected by ministers, statutory office holders, administrative review tribunals, departmental officers, and courts.[33] As discussed in the paper Administrative Justice can be achieved if it is affordable and accessible, codification of the common law principle of judicial review has led to positive development of administrative adjudication. As McMillan stated that the expectation of people to have high standards of government decision does not necessarily mean that the work of courts be increased, so as to secure the expectation reliance should be placed on tribunals, ombudsman, councils. Administrative justice is the key component of good governance, the concept of administrative justice is an ever changing component of the society which needs to be kept under constant surveillance. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Anthony Mason, Delivering administrative justice: looking back with pride, moving forward with concern (Paper presented at AIAL 2010 National Administrative Law Forum Conference, 22 July 2010) Andrew Edgar, Public and private interests in Australian administrative law (2013) 36(1) UNSW Law Journal, 202 Chief Justice Robert French, Administrative justice word in search of meaning (Paper presented at the Australian institute of administrative law annual conference national administrative law forum 2010, 22 July 2010). Dr. David Bennett, Balancing judicial review and merits review (Paper presented at Administrative Law Conference, 27 September 1999) Justice Deirdre O'Connor, Administrative decision- makers in Australia: the search for best practice (Paper presented at 2nd International Conference on Administrative Justice, Quebec, 17 - 20 June 2001) Justice R S French, Administrative justice in Australian administrative law in Robin Creyke and John McMillan (eds), Administrative justice the core and the fringe (Australian institute of administrative law, 2000) 20 Kerrie OCallaghan and Michelle Howard, Promoting administrative justice: the correct and preferable decision and the role of government policy in the determination (2013) 32(1) University of Queensland Law Journal, 171 Matthew Groves, Administrative justice in Australian administrative law (2011) 66 The Australian Institute of Administrative Law 20 Matthew Groves, Exclusion of rules of natural justice (2013) 39(2) Monash University LawReview, 285 Mark A Robinson, Administrative law update (Paper presented at Public Sector In-House Counsel Seminar, Canberra, 28 August 2006) MRLL Kelly, Does the expansion of judicial review pose a threat to democratic governance? (Paper presented at the AIAL 2011 National Administrative Law Conference, Canberra, 22 July 2011) Note, The Australian scene: Federal or Commonwealth law (2007) 20(3) Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice, 241 Note, Reasonableness, proportionality and merits review (Paper presented at New South Wales Young Lawyers Public Law CLE Seminar, The Law Society, Sydney, 24 September 2008) Robin Creyke, Administrative justice - towards integrity in government (2007) 31 Melbourne University Law Review715-6 Robin Creyke and John McMillan, Administrative justice the concept emerges in Robin Creyke and John McMillan (eds), Administrative justice the core and the fringe (Australian institute of administrative law, 2000) 1 Cases Annetts vs. McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596 Associated Provisional Picture Houses Ltd vs. Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Attorney-General (NSW) vs.Quin(1990) 170 CLR 1 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal vs. Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 Banks vs. Transport Regulation Board(1968) 119 CLR 222 Craig vs. South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 Drake vs. Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577 Kable vs. DPP (1996) 189 CLR 51 Kioa vs. West (1985) 159 CLR 550 MIEA vs.Kurtovic (1990) 21 FCR 19 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh(1995) 183 CLR 273 Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968] AC 997 R vs. Mackellar; Ex parte Ratu (1977) 137 CLR 461 R vs. Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council(1981) 151 CLR 170 Re Becker and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1977) ALD 158 Ridge vs. Baldwin [1964] AC 40 Salemi vs. Mackellar (No. 2)(1977) 137 CLR 396. Sean Investments vs. MacKellar (1981) 38 ALR 363 Shi vs. Migration Agents Registration Authority (2008) 248 ALR 390 Simsek vs. Macphee(1982) 148 CLR 636 SZBEL vs. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs(2006) 228 CLR 152 Teoh vs. MIEA (1994) 49 FCR 409 Wiseman vs. Borneman [1971] AC 297 Legislations Administrative Appeals tribunal Act, 1975 (Cwlth) Administrative Decision (Judicial review) Act, 1977 (Cwlth) Australian Constitution Judiciary Act, 1903 Ombudsman Act, 1976 (Cwlth) Other Sources Administrative Review Council, Scope of judicial reviewhttps://www.arc.ag.gov.au/Documents/Judicial+Review+21_3.pdf Australian Law Reform Commission, Procedural fairness: A common law duty, https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/common-law-duty Federal court of Australia, Natural justice or procedural fairness (4 September 2015) https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/justice-robertson/robertson-j-20150904 Politics and Public Administration Group, Parliament and administrative law, (7 November 2000) https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP13 Salvos legal, Finding of fact and jurisdictional error (14 November, 2015) https://www.salvoslegal.com.au/resources/lecture_series_november_2015/findings_of_fact_and_jurisdictional_error_-_judge_justin_smith_sc.pdf UKAJI, Administrative justice - a primer for policymakers and those working in thesystem (9 September 2016) https://ukaji.org/2016/09/09/administrative-justice-a-primer-for-policymakers-and-those-working-in-the-system/

Reading is an interactive process Essay Example

Reading is an interactive process Essay Reading is an interactive process BY Jlopezl 0569 The quote When I am reading a book, whether wise or silly, it seems to me to be alive and talking to me, by Michel de Montaigne means that each book has a meaning and can relate to the reader in a way. Most authors can also relate to this quote. For example, Sherman Alexie, Maureen Corrigan, Anna Quindlen, and Gwendolyn Brooks saw reading as love, companionship, and a way of life. This shows that reading can be an interactive process. Author Sherman Alexie says his father loved to read. Since he loved his father with such devotion, he decided to love reading as well. He was young when he realized what a paragraph was. He understood a paragraph as a fence that held words together for a common purpose. For example, his family was a fence, his school was a fence, and even the world had different fences. Sherman says that he would read at night, at recess, and when his family would travel. When he read it was like he was trying to save his life. Now he is a writer that tries to help other people save their ives as well. Maureen Corrigan says that she was a really shy kid. She says that reading offered her companionship and an escape. As well as Sherman, she wanted to be like her father, who loved reading. She says that people can get a glimpse of different experiences and their world can be enlarged. While other kids were learning to sound out words in class, she was reading ahead of her classroom books. Anna Quindlen also has her own points of view. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading is an interactive process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reading is an interactive process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reading is an interactive process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When she was small, she had always sensed that she should be somewhere else. She decided to go places through books. She went to England in the book Middlemarch and A Little Princess. She also went to houses with high ceilings and dramatic scenes. It was like a place she lived in, and it felt real to her. Anna learned who she was, what she liked, and what she dreamed about. Reading is her own world, where she can happily live. The passage To Young Readers, by Gwendolyn Brooks says that books are like bandages. These bandages help heal and create new types of feelings that bring the eaders into the light and away from the dark. She also says that readers are nourished guest. They read a book and get Juicy details and experiences. Then the reader moves on to the next book, and so on. Reading gives the reader a chill making them wonder what will happen next in the story. It also makes them feel like they are living in their characters lives as if it is also a part of their own. Everyone relates to books in different ways, but that doesnt stop people from enjoying them.